Introduction to System Analysis and Design Fundamentals Essay

I will say that the first qualification that a systems analyst should have is at least a Bachelor Degree in Computer Science, however this may vary from organization to organization. For example, depending on the position it might only require a degree or experience or it could require a combination of both. Systems analysts should be able to multitask. It is also really important that a system analyst possess strong interpersonal and technical skills. As a System Analyst you will need the interpersonal skills to communicate accurately when conducting a presentation in front of a group. On the other hand, the technical skills give you confidence in a presentation. According to the National Career Service you need a BTEC HNC/HND or a degree†¦show more content†¦I believe it is more important to keep up to date with the evolution of the software since they are the one that provide the solutions of the original problem. Therefore, a good Systems Analyst must be familiarized wit h programing language to understand current program, and be able to take the proper corrective action to develop or design a system that will correct the present system. Knowing basic business will help a Systems Analyst to understand what is more cost effective for an organization and develop a system that will meet the organizational goals and needs, as well as staying within the budget. By identifying these concepts a System Analyst can provide a cost-benefit system that will satisfy customer’s expectations, organizational goals and user needs while staying within the budget. In today’s commerce and e-commerce everything is about business, and the companies that step up are one that takes their business to fulfill customer’s needs. A project manager should pick his team member for their skills and abilities as they apply to his particular project, but always mixing each team member skills and abilities to represent all the skills needed to complete the project (Cooper). The team member’s skills and abilities can vary based on the project goals and target. The important is to make sure to have a skill for each task, and I can achieve this by mixing all skills andShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Security Risks: The Octave Approach1635 Words   |  6 PagesThey noted that risk analysis and the concentration on threats, vulnerability and assets are the most effective means of protecting all IT resources. Biskup, J. Bonatti, P. A. Lying Versus Refusal for Known Potential Secrets. Data and Knowledge Engineering 38 (2001): 199-222. In this paper, Biskup and Bonatti discusses security policies as well as the corresponding mechanisms of enforcement. Biskup, J.; Flegel, U.; Karabulut, Y. Secure Mediations: Requirements and Design, 127-140. DatabaseRead MoreGraduate Attribute Plan For Graduate With A Bachelor Of Engineer1139 Words   |  5 PagesGraduate Attribute Plan Introduction Being able to graduate with a Bachelor of Engineer (Honours), majoring in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, will allow me to work in a range of sectors with high-level technology. Skills that I will develop in the course of my degree such as having a high level of technical knowledge and IT skills as well as having strong analysis and practical problem-solving abilities to improve designs. These are core skills that are valued in my future career as an ElectricalRead MoreWhat Are Essential Attributes Of Good Software?1417 Words   |  6 Pagesit is dependable in all conditions an situations.it is a result of number of sub attribute namely secure ,safe ,reliability through assured Performance ,verification and validation it should not cause any case of physical or economic damage to the system. Maintainability: all changes desired by user can be carried out in short time .changes could adapt new technology or expand its scope Efficiency software should use resources in effective manner. Resources are memory, processor and storage. ItRead MoreUsing Data Collection And Data Analysis1427 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Design This study utilized a survey design that involved qualitative methods of data collection and data analysis. The study will utilize online sources that have already been published that include peer-reviewed papers, journals, books and reliable internet sources of the distinctive companies. The internet was searched for important information relating to management in the three major identified organizational designs. Different databases such as Google Scholar, EBSCO, Business SourceRead MoreManagement and National Service Training1620 Words   |  7 Pages   | Math 111 | Basic math algebra | 3 |    |    | Com 111 | Basic computer (i.t) | 3 |    |    | Soc. Sc 111 | General psychology | 3 |    |    | Cs 111 s1 | Logic formulation and introduction to programming | 3 |    |    | Cs 111 s1 | Fundamental of typing and word processing | 1 |    |    | P.e 111 | Introduction to physical activities | 2 |    |    | Nstp 111 | National service training program i | 3 |    |    |    | Semester 2 |    |    |    | Eng 122 | Effective speech | 3 |    |    | Fil 122Read MoreThe Current Situation And Future Requirements Of Data Storage For Higher Education1442 Words   |  6 Pages(1) Design In order to understand the current situation and future requirements of data storage for higher education in China, questionnaires and interviews about current systems and platforms are necessary. Questionnaires are one of quantitative methods to investigate some basic questions which may not accurately. Interviews one on one through face-to-face, telephone or Skype is one of qualitative methods to develop a deep understanding which may not academic. However, data from existing literatureRead MoreProject : Telephone Billing System1166 Words   |  5 Pagesand Address of Accredited Centre: Amity Institute Of Information Technology Sector-126, Noida 1. Name of student : Shubham Aggarwal 2. Address of student : D-148,First floor,Sector-55,Noida 3. Title of Project : TELEPHONE BILLING SYSTEM 4. Name of guide : Dr. Dolly Sharma Signature of student Signature of guide TO, ___________ ___________ Noida Respected Mam, I am submittingRead MoreA Study On Korean University Curriculum1724 Words   |  7 Pagesalso researched in order to find out whether their engineering programs have any cooperation courses for BIM education. In engineering program, BIM is able to apply on administration of construction process, integrated design delivery project, construction management, structural analysis, and costing construction, and it has many other related subjects which is able to applied indirectly. However, only 2 universities have BIM course, and 1 university is planning to apply into the engineering programRead MoreBITS F111 2011 12645 Words   |  3 Pagesthermodynamic   properties;   applications   to   closed   and  open  systems;  entropy  and  entropy  generation;  availability.      Scope  and  Objective   Thermodynamics   deals   with   energy,   matter,   and   the   laws   governing   their   interactions.   It   is   essential   to   learn   its   usefulness   in   the   design   of   processes,   devices,   and   systems   involving   effective   utilization   of   energy   and   matter.   The   course   emphasizes   on   the   fundamentals   and   concepts   of   the   laws   of   thermodynamics   as   applied  Read MoreThe Effect Of Outrigger Truss On Composite High Rise Buildings By Simplified Method1192 Words   |  5 PagesEngineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar eekmayday83@gmail.com Abstract—The design of tall and slender structures is controlled by three governing factors, strength (material capacity), stiffness (drift) and serviceability (motion perception and accelerations), produced by the action of lateral loading, such as wind and earthquake. Outrigger systems are generally very effective in fulfilling the serviceability requirements of tall buildings. This research conducted

Masculinity, Masculinity And Violence - 1728 Words

Within many gender systems, masculinity is an expression of male gender that can vary based upon culture and society. Many cultures uphold a set of standards and expectations that an individual must maintain in order to be considered masculine. Several of these expectations can often be dangerous, violent, or even abusive. In particular with a focus on the two-sex, two-gender system of Western, patriarchal society, this paper will investigate the correlation between enforced masculinity and violence. According to Connell, masculinity in of itself does not discuss men but discusses gender order, and men s position within that order. Masculinities can also be defined as the patterns of practice by which people (men and women, but predominantly men) engage that position. (Connell 2005) Masculinities within themselves can change based on their participants and actions relating to their culture and society. In Canada and the United States in particular, there is an emphasized push for hyper-masculinity. It is a term used to describe the â€Å"exaggeration of traditionally masculine traits or behaviour.† (Collins Dictionary 2014) Men and boys are pushed towards achieving this goal of the ultimate male where â€Å"being a so-called real man means you have to take on this tough guise .† (Katz et al. 1999) They are pressured by society to be tough , both physically and emotionally, in order to fall under the category of real man . Achieving this tough appearanceSho w MoreRelatedMasculinity : Masculinity And Violence Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesMasculinity and violence Violence is a mechanism of coercive control that is used to maintain and reinforce gender difference and hierarchy. Building on Lynch s (2009) claim that hegemonic masculinity is toxic to both the men and women left in its wake this essay aims to explore the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and violence. Placing a specific focus on acts of intimate partner violence and mass shootings, and exploring the works of Lynch (2009), Keith (2011), Baugher, GazmararianRead MoreCrime, Violence and Masculinity1541 Words   |  7 Pagescombine forces to reduce interpersonal violence in the West? Violence is a difficult term to define, but for the purposes of this assignment violence can be defined as a crime or the threat to commit a crime by one person upon another person, and that usually that has negative physical or emotional effects upon the victim. Violence in Western society has been increasing steadily and has become a major concern for many nations. Increasingly, much of the violence is committed by male children and teenagersRead MoreViolence And Masculinity Of South Africa1578 Words   |  7 PagesViolence against women is prominent in South Africa. Many women have been murdered by the hands of their partners or the average men you see on the way to work (Merten, 2017). This essay will discuss the relationship between violence, masculinity and femicide in South Africa. It will further use the key theoretical contributions of Feminist and Hegemonic Masculinity Theories in assisting us to understand violence against women in South Africa. Gender is a critical social issue as it is associatedRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity And Domestic Violence963 Words   |  4 Pagesact of domestic violence among athletes differently based on the gender of the perpetrator or person committing the crime. Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history. In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity refers to the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior. Hegemonic masculinity posits that society strongly encourages men to embody this kind of masculinity. Hegemonic masculinityRead MoreMasculinity: Gender and Violence Essay2138 Words   |  9 Pagesare not being pressured to act or perform a certain way. In order to reassure themselves of their masculinity, violence has become the main method in assuring themselves and those around them that they are powerful. Not only is this violence being perpetrated against others, but se lf-inflicted violence also exists. The violence being used is not only physical but it is emotional abuse as well. Masculinity has forced many males to perform in ways that are detrimental to their own health as well as theirRead More Crime, Violence and Masculinity Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesreduce interpersonal violence in the West? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Violence is a difficult term to define, but for the purposes of this assignment violence can be defined as a crime or the threat to commit a crime by one person upon another person, and that usually that has negative physical or emotional effects upon the victim. Violence in Western society has been increasing steadily and has become a major concern for many nations. Increasingly, much of the violence is committed by male childrenRead MoreViolence, Masculinity And Femicide Within South Africa1502 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Gender-based violence refers to the act of causing harm to a woman in the form of sexual harassment, female genital mutilation or rape (Boonzaier, 2006). It is a major problem that is present in our day-to-day lives and it is this violence that affects everyone and can occur in almost any and/or every situation we come across. However, this violence against women is not a recent development as it has occurred as early as the eighteenth century (if not earlier) and it is a problem thatRead More The Representation of Masculinity and Violence in Henry V and The Rover1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe Representation of Masculinity and Violence in Henry V and The Rover Representing violence as an essential tool to gaining control, Henry V is dominated by masculine power, in this case, with the control of France. The cast is mainly male, containing just four female characters, namely Mistress Quickly, Isabel Queen of France, Katherine her daughter and Alice, the attendant. The chorus sets the scene of war in the prologue, with ‘Then should the warlikeRead MoreMasculinity in the Russian Mafia1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthe view of hegemonic masculinity as a a static, unified concept. By analyzing the behaviors of members of the Russian mafia, vory y zakone (thieves in law), particularly of Kirill and Nikolai, this paper will illustrate how masculinities are constructed, performed and reaffirmed in the context of the Russian mafia vory y zakone. The paper will begin by describing the main tends of masculinities theory, proposing that vory y zakone are creating oppositional masculinity. Keeping this context inRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender Masculinity1729 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction of masculinity appears natural. This hegemonic masculinity is so naturalised it becomes invisible and we don’t see or think about it. Law, R (1997) states that â€Å"The concept of hegemonic masculinity allows for us to theorise the simultaneous existence of different constructions of masculinity, the social dominance of some constructions and their legitimation as ‘natural’ and the fluid and contested character of all constructions of gender† Pakeha men are the hegemonic masculinity in a New Zealand

Gilead Literary Analysis - 1885 Words

One of the most important themes in this novel is power. The society of Gilead restructures the meaning of words to establish power. Gilead’s new vocabulary reinforces a totalitarian regime by using language to regulate the words and ideas that people can express, similar to linguistic determinism. In Eleanor Rosch’s (1974) article of Linguistic relativity, she identified both a strong and weak version of the linguistic relativity hypotheses, a degree in which language is presumed to influence our thought and behavior. The weak hypothesis is linguistic relativity, where linguistic categories and usage only influence thought and decisions. (Rosch, 1974). However the Gilead’s use of language reflects that more of the strong hypothesis. In†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates how Gilead’s enforcement of language causes both women to self-censor their speech, even when no one is watching. Rosch’s (1974) article of Linguistic relativity discus s how some individuals may feel trapped by their language into holding a particular worldview. In our third writing assignment it was required to observe an event that might be characterized as intercultural. Reading this novel feels most similar to the experience I had during the third writing assignment because as Offred is narrating her experience in Gilead, I am able to analyze the situation from an ethnographic perspective where a researcher would normally observe society from the point of view of the subject of the study. As a result, I discovered that differences among language contribute to how the world is constructed and in this case Gilead’s terminology limits what individuals can say and think in order for those with power to maintain control. Gilead’s use of language to influence thought has made clear the ways in which language can be used to expressed power. The reconstruction of language in Gilead emphasizes how language can restrict forms of communicat ion between people to create control. Observing these restrictions on speech and oppressive language used in the novel assist us in identifying similar ways in which these techniques happen within our own societies. For instance, one can examine the ways in which language is used to describe individuals ofShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale, By Margaret Atwood1629 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel, The Handmaid s Tale depicts a not too futuristic society of Gilead, a society that overthrows the U.S. Government and institutes a totalitarian regime that seems to persecute women specifically. Told from the main character s point of view, Offred, explains the Gilead regime and its patriarchal views on some women, known as the handmaids, to a purely procreational function. The story is set the present tense in Gilead but frequently shifts to flashbacks in her time at the Red Center. WithRead MoreThe Raven And The Overwhelming Power And Sadness Of The Death Of A Loved One1165 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis This critical analysis essay is about Poet Edgar Allen Poe’s poem â€Å"The Raven† and the overwhelming power and sadness of the death of a loved one. There is such sorrow and even anticipation that the poem invokes in the reader. The poem can be quite dreary and full of gloom, but the author also makes it sound eerie but somehow beautiful and lyrical especially when reciting it orally. Poe was a remarkable writer and known as being a bit peculiar in person and in his writings. PoeRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale931 Words   |  4 Pagesformed self-identification of sex and sexuality that is formed autonomously. Evidence of gender establishment can be seen within literary works and supported by various schools of gender and sexuality theory. Joseph Culler describes literary theory as a tool to understanding the concepts of identity, wherein abstract communities are presented in identifiable groups for analysis. Culler (2011) explains that the schools of â€Å"psychoanalysis,† †linguistics,† and â€Å"anthropology† (p. 109) are used to exploreRead MoreThe Characters of Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar1504 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences of life and social relationship and her eventual mental breakdown resulting with her attempts of committing suicide. On the other hand, Margaret Atwoods award winning novel The Handmaids Tale depicts the haunting experiences of Gilead, where sexual repression and religious extremism was not uncommon. Both novels have female protagonist, who are victims of rape and sexual violence. Marco, a guy on a blind date with Esther, calls her a slut and tries to rape her, and EsthersRead MoreLiterary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale1863 Words   |  8 Pag essystem strip an individual of their civil rights as a human being in order to gain ultimate control over its citizens. A government such as the Republic of Gilead in Margaret Atwood’s work, The Handmaid’s Tale, controls their citizen’s lives to the extent to where they must learn to suppress their emotions and feelings. In the Republic of Gilead, the main character Offred is a handmaid, which is a fertile woman who is assigned to be a surrogate mother for a woman that is no longer fertile, but is wealthyRead MoreHow Are the Two Female Protagonists Offred from â€Å"the Handmaids Tale† by Magaret Atwood and Celie from â€Å"the Color Purple† by Alice Walker Oppressed by Men, in What Ways Are Their Situations Similar and How Do They Deal4443 Words   |  18 Pagesas women, they grow stronger and gain strength in their lives throughout time. Research was carried out on the internet, through literary study guides and other people’s literary c riticisms. The other people’s literary criticisms were not particularly useful, since they did not concentrate on the protagonists situation and oppression, but focused merely on how the literary works could be examined and interpreted and what the author’s intentions were. However, what I found out how both protagonistsRead MoreThe Raven And American Romanticism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesand Allan 3). The persona asks the bird of its name, the raven reacts, Nevermore. This left the narrator disturbed. Even though the poet employs several literary elements like symbolism, tone, and themes, the romanticism across the poem rekindles the overall atmosphere of the nineteenth century in America. The raven is one of the most revered literary pieces of Poe. The stylistic features and diverse dramatic qualities of the poem are appealing to the targeted audience. The repetitive use of the termsRead MoreComparitve Analysis of the Raven Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe1257 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Analysis of the Tell Tale Heart and the Raven Edgar Allen Poe was the author of several daunting works of literature. Two examples of Edgar Allen Poes literature are The Tell Tale Heart and The Raven. If we compare these two works, one a short story and the other a poem, we will see that Poe shows great mastery of symbolism, as well as other forms of literary technique. In these two stories, many people would say that Poe uses the tales to reflect the way he perceivesRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s The Raven1820 Words   |  8 Pages Historical/Biblical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Raven† There is always a reason why a piece of literature is written. Whether it is for for the author’s voice to be heard, to entertain its reader, or to spread knowledge, there is always a purpose behind the work. In many cases in poetry, the piece is written as an outlet for emotion, the chance to write down their deepest feelings. Edgar Allan Poe had a drastic life and suffered from deep depression, so he was bound to be an excellentRead MorePsychoanalysis Of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven1376 Words   |  6 Pageshis pain and tells the bird that it does not matter what they have that night, for the bird will surely leave, but the bird says nevermore, assuring Poe that he will not leave. Poe goes on to ask the raven whether there is an afterlife; a balm in Gilead (Poe 97), to which the bird replies nevermore. He continues on to ask the bird, though the bird told Poe about there being no afterlife, if he will ever one day reunite with his lost love Lenore, upon which the bird replied a ghastly nevermore

Interview Senator Flake s Office - 1255 Words

When signing up for an internship in Senator Flake’s office, I did not know what to expect. I did not know the type of work I would be doing. I hardly knew who Senator Flake was. It sounded like an interesting opportunity that I learned about at the job fair, and I thought it would be fun. It was far more than fun though—I learned so much from my internship, researching for the office, attending meetings, writing letters, and staying up-to-date on current events. More than anything else, though, I learned from the constituents themselves. I started the internship quite liberal-minded, like many students at the University. My roommate joked with me that I would leave my internship at the Senator’s office a hard-core Republican, but I was†¦show more content†¦After speaking to people, I often had a time to reflect on what I heard. The product was a much greater understanding of the complexity of the American political system. I grew up thinking that that one side was right, and the other was full of irrational arguments. However, people sharing bits of their lives with me taught me that is not true. The support and opposition for every policy makes sense, and deciding which is right is far more of a value judgment than a facts-based judgment than I could have imagined. I feel less sure about what I believe politically after the internship, but again, I do not think that is a bad thing. For the first time, I know how to enter into a thought process without a bias, and able to listen to both sides. This sk ill is critical for any studies or career in the social sciences. Talking to constituents, I also learned how to read the news. It requires a lot more critical thinking than I had imagined. One day in Senator Flake’s office, I received a phone call about the Senator wasting time at Neil Gorsuch’s hearing by asking irrelevant questions. I could not believe the comment—I had gained respect for the Senator, but I did not think it was right for him to use up valuable time in a hearing that democrats and republicans around the country deserved to hear. After the phone call was finished, I looked up information about the scenario, and I saw it lined up on Google, half a dozen sitesShow MoreRelatedBarack Obama s Election For Immigration Reform2613 Words   |  11 Pageselectorate—the highest ever recorded (Lopez Taylor, 2012). With less than a year for Obama left in office, immigration legislation is struggling. Despite bi-partisan efforts, the future for comprehensive immigration policy is bleak. The Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744) made great strides towards comprehensive reform in 2013. The arduou s passage of S.744 was a victory for immigration reform but its subsequent failure in the House of RepresentativesRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesmarkets, with governments scrambling to prop up banks, broaden guarantees for deposits and agree on a coordinated response. Origins The roots of the credit crisis stretch back to another notable boom-and-bust: the tech bubble of the late 1990’s. When the stock market began a steep decline in 2000 and the nation slipped into recession the next year, the Federal Reserve sharply lowered interest rates to limit the economic damage. Lower interest rates make mortgage payments cheaper, and demandRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageswilling to bear the responsibility of bringing good-quality broadcasting to all †¢ Commendable brocasting in light of possible political adherence is British Brodcasting Corporation (BBC) †¢ Shows like â€Å"Hard Talk† present round-table debates and interviews with eminent leaders from around the world Who determines what is censored? †¢ As the Romans eloquently put it: quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Who will guard the guardians? If censorship has been established as a crucial concept which does not

Shopping Malls free essay sample

PROJECT ON MARKETING MANAGEMENT SHOPPING MALL 1 MARKETING PROJECT ON SHOPPING MALL NAME: MRINMOY CHAUDHURY ENROLMENT NO: 011102003 PROGRAM: PGDIB 02 Term : 6 2 Contents 1. Introduction Pg. no. 4 What is a shopping mall? . Advantage and disadvantage Brief history Type of shopping malls Components 2. Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 What are the key factors which is making shopping mall hugely successful? Effect of shopping malls on the small retailers. 3. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 4. Questionnaire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. Finding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 6. SWOT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 5. Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 6. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 7. Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 37 3 INTRODUCTION Shopping malls The latest trend in the corporate universe is of the emergence of the shopping malls. Shopping malls are an emerging trend in the global arena. The first thing that comes in our mind about the shopping malls is that it is a big enclosed building housing a variety of shops or products. According to historical evidences shopping malls came into existence in the middle ages, though it was not called so. The concept of departmental stores came up in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution. Consumers wanted a better shopping experience and this demand gave rise to the emergence of shopping malls in India. Originally the first of the shopping malls was opened in Paris. Then the trend followed in the other metros over the world, and there was a spree of shopping malls coming up at various places. In this age of mass production and mass consumption, the concepts of shopping malls is most modern method of attracting consumers. The concept of shopping was altered completely with the emergence of these shopping malls. Shopping was no longer limited to a mere buying activity it has become synonymous with splurging time and money. People simply go about roaming through the shopping mall in order to peep through the window of the shop and often ending up buying something they like. The consumers desire a combination of comfort and suitability which the shopping malls cater to, and so this format of shopping has become so popular all over the world, and especially so in India. The inclusion of amenities like restaurants, multiplexes, and car parks attract more and more crowds to shopping malls, that are considered family hangout zones. 4 Advantages of shopping malls: ? ? ? ? Increase in the growth of the organized retail sector Monumental increment in economic growth Employment generation by the organized retail sector Good competition means better products services Disadvantages of shopping malls: ? The companies with superior resources would muscle out the ones inferior to them. ? Monopolization of the organized retail sector In India, the emergence of shopping malls has mostly altered the lifestyle of the consumers. With the growth in income, changing attitudes, and also the demographic patterns favor the emergence of shopping malls. The trends to follow in the future: ? The shopping malls favor a growth in the Indian organized retail sector by 10% within 2010 ? There would be different formats of shopping malls depending on the region. 5 Brief history In the United States, people began moving to the suburbs during the 20th century. Shopping malls were built to serve consumers living in areas outside of the cities. By 1916, a shopping mall called The Market Square opened for business in Chicago, IL. The facility was comprised of 28 stores, apartments, and offices. The Market Square was located in the expensive Lake Forest suburb and is thought to be one of the first planned shopping centers in the U. S. In 1950, the Northgate Shopping Center was built in Seattle, Washington. This shopping mall boasted two rows of stores on each side of an open-air section where shoppers could walk. Two department stores anchored each end of the shopping center. The first enclosed shopping mall was Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota which opened its doors in 1956. Up until the mid 1990s, most modern-day developers built enclosed shopping malls in order to create a climate-controlled shopping environment. Today, developers are returning to the creation of open-air shopping malls. Outlet malls, shopping centers featuring name brand retailers selling their products at discounted prices, are often built in an open-air format. Types of Shopping Malls In general, you will find only regional centers, superregional centers, and fashion/specialty centers on this Web site. Relatively few community centers were chosen, but appear here because the center may have, at one time, been considered a regional center. Only a few theme/festival centers were listed in heavily urbanized areas, such as San Francisco, because of their particular attractiveness or size. Finally, the new designation, lifestyle center, displays because of their classic-mall type appearance even though they are without a classic-mall anchor store. 6 Fashion/Specialty Centers Characterized as higher end, fashion oriented centers between 80,000 and 250,000 sq. ft. Community Centers Characterized as having between 100,000 and 350,000 sq. t. Usually two types of anchors, such as a discount department store or large specialty/discount apparel store. Lifestyle Centers A new designation that has a loose definition. Generally, its a center that does not have an anchor tenant in the classic sense (that is, a department store). However, lifestyle centers increasingly have a cinema as a major tena nt. Others have just a small collection of exclusive shops. Outlet Centers Characterized as manufacturers outlet centers between 50,000 and 400,000 sq. ft. Regional Centers Characterized as having between 400,000 and 800,000 sq. ft. Usually two or more anchors, such as a conventional department store, junior department store, mass merchant, discount department store, or fashion apparel store. Superregional Centers Characterized as having over 800,000 sq. ft. Usually three or more anchors, such as a conventional department store, junior department store, mass merchant, or fashion apparel store. Theme/Festival Centers Characterized as tourist-oriented, retail and service centers between 80,000 and 250,000 sq. ft. 7 Components of shopping mall Food court A shopping mall food court consists of food vendors offering a selection of food. At a typical food court, food is ordered at one of the vendors and then consumed at a seating area, which is normally a plaza surrounded by the counters of the multiple food vendors. Department stores A department store is a retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. Department stores usually sell products including apparel, furniture, appliances, electronics, and additionally select other lines of products such as paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewelry, toys, and sporting goods. Certain department stores are further classified as discount department stores. Discount department stores commonly have central customer checkout areas, generally in the front area of the store. Department stores are usually part of a retail chain of many stores situated around a country or several countries. 8 OBJECTIVE The purpose of doing the project is to find out: 1. What are the key factors which is making shopping mall hugely successful 2. Effect of these shopping malls on the small retailers 1. WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT IS MAKING SHOPPING MALL HUGELY SUCCESSFUL ? The success of modern shopping centers relies on a number of critical success factors. These factors include attainability, effortless business, service variety, ambience, price, active marketing and cleanliness,† says Arto Lindblom, Professor of Retail and Channel Management at the Helsinki School of Economics. The atmosphere of shopping center created by sound registration, color scores and illumination, alo ngside with the professional concept create additional comfort for visitors which influences loyalty of buyers and their desire to pass more time in the shopping center. Honestly speaking, the competition is amplifying, and factors on which we did not reflect earlier (color, light, a sound and even smells) now act as an advantage in fighting for the buyer. 9 2. FFECT OF SHOPPING MALLS ON THE SMALL RETAILERS ? Retail trade contributes around 10-11% of India’s GDP and currently employs over 4 crore people. Within this, unorganized retailing accounts for 97% of the total retail trade. Traditional forms of low-cost retail trade, from the owner operated local shops and general stores to the handcart and pavement vendors together form the bulk of this sector. In the absence of any significant growth in organized sector employment in India in the manufacturing or services sector, millions are forced to seek their livelihood in the informal sector. Retail trade, which has been a relatively easy business to enter with low capital and infrastructure needs, has acted as a refuge source of income for the unemployed. Organized retailing has witnessed considerable growth in India in the last few years and is currently growing at a very fast pace. A recent KPMG survey report prepared for the FICCI states that organized retail, estimated as a $ 6. billion industry in 2006, is projected to reach $ 23 billion by 2010. The share of organized retail in overall retail sales is projected to jump from around 3% currently to around 9-10% in the next three years. A number of large domestic business groups have entered the retail trade sector and are expanding their operations aggressively. Several formats of organized retailing 10 like hypermarkets, superma rkets and discount stores are being set up by big business groups besides the ongoing proliferation of shopping malls in the metros and other large cities. This has serious implications for the livelihood of millions of small and unorganized retailers across the country. Need to Regulate Organized Retail Large format retailing is controlled and regulated across the world. The experiences of Western European as well as South East Asian countries are particularly relevant in this regard. However, an appropriate regulatory framework for the organized retail sector in India has to be framed keeping in mind the Indian specificities. India has the highest shop density in the world with 11 shops per 1000 persons, much higher than the European or Asian countries. The potential social costs of the growth and consolidation of organized retail, in terms of displacement of unorganized retailers and loss of livelihoods is enormous. Regulation in India therefore needs to be more stringent and restrictive. There are broadly three ways in which the adverse impact of the rapid and unbridled expansion of organized retail can be felt: 1. Around 95% of the 12 million shops in India have a floor area of less than 500 square feet. The impact of the growing market share for organized retailers is being manifested in the falling sales for the unorganized retailers in several places. The NSSO surveys already indicate a significant decline of more than 12. 5 lakhs in the number of selfemployed retailers in urban India (by current weekly status) between 1999-2000 and 2004-05. Further acceleration in the growth of organized retail would eventually result in making business unviable for a large number of unorganized retailers, particularly in the event of a slowdown in consumption growth and retail sales. In the backdrop of huge unemployment and underemployment persisting in India, small-scale retailing still provides livelihood security to around 20 million urban workers and 12 million rural workers. Their displacement would further worsen the unemployment scenario. 2. Giant organized retailers use their monopoly buying power to squeeze small producers of agricultural as well as manufactured products. The experience of the farmers of 11 developing countries with the giant food retailers has been particularly bad. The farmers become dependent upon the inputs, credit and technology supplied by the food retailers and end up being at their mercy in terms of prices for their produce and quality standards. Contract farming, which is the preferred mode of operations as far as the agribusiness corporations and food retailers are concerned, has led to agrarian distress in many places. Moreover, uncontrolled diversification in agriculture away from foodgrains can imperil food security. In the backdrop of the crisis being already faced in Indian agriculture, the entry of large retailers with monopsonistic control can aggravate the situation. 3. The proliferation of large format retail outlets reshapes the urban landscape in myriad ways. Land use patterns change drastically, often in violation of city plans. Given the unplanned and chaotic path of urban development witnessed in India over the past decade and a half, and the pathetic state of urban infrastructure, the proliferation of large format retailers will only accelerate the undesirable trends of predatory real estate development and unsustainable pressures on urban infrastructure and the environment. Rather than enhancing choices for the consumers, especially the lower income groups, proliferation of large format retail stores would kill competition, lead to closure of neighbourhood markets and make consumers solely dependent upon the organized retailers. This would also increase the propensity to use private vehicles for shopping thus leading to more pollution. Regulation of the organized retail sector has to address all these areas of concern mentioned above. Organized retail cannot be allowed to grow in a way, which displaces existing unorganized retailers, jeopardizing livelihoods in the absence of other employment opportunities. The interests of the small producers, especially farmers, also have to be protected by preventing the emergence of local monopolies/monopsonies. It has to be ensured that competition is not stifled and potentially monopolistic practices in credit, input and output markets are not encouraged by the entry of large corporate retailers. Moreover, undue pressure on urban infrastructure and the environment arising out of the proliferation of large format retailers has to be prevented. 12 METHODOLOGY For finding out various details of our project we have to find the various factors which is making the shopping malls so attractive to the customer. is it the huge variety attainability, effortless business, service variety ambience, active marketing and cleanliness . e have to also find out the what is the impact of these malls on the small retail shops. We have to visit various shopping malls and by observation method we have to find out the various factors which is making these malls so attractive to the customer, we also need to interview the customer and ask them about their choice and preferences like what are the thing they like about the shopping malls that includes (variety, price shopping environment, service, cleanliness, attainability) etc. And for finding out the impact of these malls on the small retailers we need to interview some small retailer and know their opinion and position. 3 In addition, on most customer satisfaction projects we look to: ? ? ? ? ? ? Define customer service Measure customer expectations Measure customer perceptions Identify gaps between expectations and perceptions Identify priorities for improvement SWOT analysis of retail 14 Questionnaire For finding out the objective, a small survey has been done by me. 30 customers of different age, sex and economic class from 5 shopping malls (big bazaar, Spencer, city center, south city mall and subiksha) that I have visited based on their response this is what I have found. . what according to them are the factors which influence their behavior ,while going for shopping? 2. When asked what are the things they liked about shopping mall s? 3. When asked, Where do they do their regular monthly shopping? 4. When asked whether they are aware of the condition of the small retailer due to these shopping malls? 5. When people from the young age group were asked where they prefer shopping and why, this is what we found? 15 After interviewing 10 small retail shop owner from various parts of the city this is what I found. 1. hop owners when asked about the effects on their business when ever there is a shopping mall around the area 2. When asked, who according to them are the customers who are still loyal to them 3. When asked about the strategies they are adopting to fight with the situation? 4. When asked should the government interfere in between and give them protection? 16 FINDINGS 1. what according to them are the factors which influence their behavior ,while going for shopping? Following are the important factors according to them: 17 2. When asked what are the things they liked about shopping malls? Response in percentage price and service variety shopping environment cleanliness 0% 20% 51% 29% 18 3. When asked, Where do they do their regular monthly shopping? Response in percentage come to the shopping malls go to the small retailer 0% 0% 45% 55% 19 4. When asked whether they are aware of the condition of the small retailer due to theses shopping mall Response in percentage people said yes people said no people said they don’t know 10% 23% 67% 20 5. When people from the young age group were asked where they prefer shopping and why, this is what we found? Response in percentage of them preferred shopping in malls: price, environment and variety where the main factors according to them. of them preferred shopping in small retail outlets: distance of the shop from their home, shopping habits were the main reason according to them. 11% 89% 21 After interviewing 10 small retail shop owner from various parts of the city this is what I found 1. shop owners when asked about the effects on their business when ever there is a shopping mall around the area Response in percentage aid it affects their business very badly said it doesn’t affect their business 5% 95% 22 2. When asked, who according to them are the customers who are still loyal to them Manily People of the older age group for whom distance from there home is a prime factor and the customer with whom they had a very good and long relationship are the ones who are still loyal. 23 3. When asked about the strategies they are adopting to fight with the situation? 24 4. When asked should the government interfere in between and give them protection? Response in percentage aid yes, the government must act at once and give them some protection. said they don’t know 3% 97% 25 SWOT Analysis of retail(shopping malls)†¦ A SWOT analysis of the Indian organized retail industry is presented below: Strength: 1. Retailing is a technology-intensive industry. It is technology that will help the organized retailers to score over the unorganized retailers. Successful organized retailers today work closely with their vendors to predict consumer demand, shorten lead times, reduce inventory holding and ultimately save cost. Example: Wal-Mart pioneered the concept of building competitive advantage through distribution information systems in the retailing industry. They introduced two innovative logistics techniques ? crossdocking and EDI (electronic data interchange). 2. On an average a super market stocks up to 5000 SKUs against a few hundreds stocked with an average unorganized retailer. Weakness: 1. Less Conversion level : Despite high footfalls, the conversion ratio has been very low in the retail outlets in a mall as compared to the standalone counter parts. It is seen that actual conversions of footfall into sales for a mall outlet is approximately 20-25%. On the other hand, a high street store of retail chain has an average conversion of about 50-60%. As a result, a stand-alone store has a ROI (return on investment) of 25-30%; in contrast the retail majors are experiencing a ROI of 8-10%. 2. Customer Loyalty: Retail chains are yet to settle down with the proper merchandise mix for the mall outlets. Since the stand-alone outlets were established long time back, so they have stabilized in terms of footfalls merchandise mix and thus have a higher customer loyalty base. 6 Opportunity : 1. The Indian middle class is already 30 Crore is projected to grow to over 60 Crore by 2010 making India one of the largest consumer markets of the world. The IMAGES-KSA projections indicate that by 2015, India will have over 55 Crore people under the age of 20 reflecting the enormous opportunities possible in the kids and teens retailing segment. 2. Org anized retail is only 3% of the total retailing market in India. It is estimated to grow at the rate of 25-30% p. a. and reach INR 1,00,000 Crore by 2010. 3. Percolating down : In India it has been found out that the top 6 cities contribute for 66% of total organized retailing. While the metros have already been exploited, the focus has now been shifted towards the tier-II cities. The retail boom, 85% of which has so far been concentrated in the metros is beginning to percolate down to these smaller cities and towns. The contribution of these tier-II cities to total organized retailing sales is expected to grow to 20-25%. 4. Rural Retailing: Indias huge rural population has caught the eye of the retailers looking for new areas of rowth. ITC launched Indias first rural mall Chaupal Saga offering a diverse range of products from FMCG to electronic goods to automobiles, attempting to provide farmers a one-stop destination for all their needs. Hariyali Bazar is started by DCM Sriram group which provides farm related inputs services. The Godrej group has launched the concept of agri-stores named Adhaar which offers agricultural products such as fertilizers animal feed along with the required knowledge for effective use of the same to the farmers. Pepsi on the other hand is experimenting with the farmers of Punjab for growing the right quality of tomato for its tomato purees pastes. 27 Threats : 1. If the unorganized retailers are put together, they are parallel to a large supermarket with no or little overheads, high degree of flexibility in merchandise, display, prices and turnover. 2. Shopping Culture: Shopping culture has not developed in India as yet. Even now malls are just a place to hang around with family and friends and largely confined to windowshopping. 28 Recommendations Framework for a National Policy on Regulating Organized Retail Small retailers need protection and policy support in order to compete with organized retail. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated a National Policy for Urban Street Vendors. The policy proposes several positive steps to provide security to street vendors considering it as an initiative towards urban poverty alleviation. However, what is required is a more comprehensive policy, which addresses the needs of small retailers, especially in terms of access to institutional credit and know how to upgrade their businesses. A regulatory framework for organized retail should also be framed. Since the operations of organized retailers impact upon various sectors of the economy, policy guidelines should be framed involving all the relevant Departments, namely Commerce, Agriculture and Urban Development. Moreover, since regulation of the large format retailers would mainly be in the domain of the states and local bodies, State Governments have to be consulted and involved in the process of framing policy guidelines. A Central legislation or a Model legislation, which can be enacted by the State Governments, may also be considered for this purpose. In addition, the UPA Government should also abandon the moves to permit FDI in retail trade through the back door, as in the case of the joint venture between Wal-Mart and Bharti whereby the former proposes to operate in the cash-and-carry segment while the latter in the front-end. It is more than obvious that this proposed joint venture is nothing but a subterfuge, to circumvent the existing policy regime, which does not allow FDI in retail. The entry of giant MNCs like the Wal-Mart, TESCO, Carrefour etc, besides 29 ccelerating manifolds the already rapid growth of organized retail, would also sabotage any attempt by the Government to regulate the sector in order to protect the interests of the small retailers and farmers. The UPA Government should take a categorical position on this issue. Not allowing MNCs to operate in the retail sector should be the starting point of the national policy on retail. The issues, which need to be addressed in the regulatory framework for organized r etail, have already been discussed above. Some suggestions are made below which seek to address those issues: A Licensing System for Organized Retail 1. A system of licensing should be introduced for organized retail. Any retail outlet with floor area over an appropriate minimum floor area should require prior license from local authorities (city corporations or municipalities). Corporate entities should not be allowed to operate retail outlets below the specified minimum floor area 2. The authority to grant licenses should be the urban local bodies. A dedicated committee/board/department should be set up by the urban local bodies, with representation from street vendors and small retailer associations, which should be empowered to grant licenses to organized retailers. . The system should be devised in a manner so that there is transparency in the process of granting licenses in order to prevent corrupt practices. A process of open bids for granting licenses may be considered. 4. Considering the multiplicity of formats of organized retail, there should be separate sets of regulations for each format, based on floor area. Slabs shoul d be set for the different retail formats, like discount stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, shopping malls etc based on floor area. 5. Licenses for each format should be given on the basis of a population criterion, i. e. ot more than X number of large format retail stores of Y format per Z population. The criteria may vary between states and cities depending upon the nature of the retail sector and needs of consumers. However, a commonality should exist in terms of assessing the employment impact by the local authorities 30 in a scientific as well as democratic manner, before granting license for a large format retail outlet. 6. There should be appropriate caps both on the total number of large format retail outlets that are being granted licenses in particular areas as well as on the maximum floor area for a retail outlet. 7. Retail outlets above a certain floor area should not be allowed to operate within existing commercial zones/areas. In case a license is granted for a large format retailer within an existing commercial area, it should only be on the basis of an agreement to share a substantial proportion of its floor area with small retailers at concessional rent. The allotment of space to small retailers in such cases should be done by the license issuing authority. 8. Giant retail outlets like hypermarkets, which attract large numbers of customers should have adequate parking space and should ideally be located outside city limits. Environmental Impact assessment should also be mandatory for giant retail outlets whose floor area exceeds a specified limit. 9. Penal provisions, including withdrawal of licenses, should be laid down for violation of the terms and conditions of licenses by organized retailers. Government’s Role in Preventing Private Monopolies 1. A single large format retailer should not be allowed to capture a large market share. For this it is important to restrict the number of retail outlets that a single private entity can open in a city, state as well as region. Under no circumstances should a national level monopoly be allowed to develop in the retail sector. 2. There should be guidelines to prevent predatory pricing and below-cost sales by organized retailers. A mechanism should be set up where complaints against predatory pricing can be registered by small retailers. The Competition Commission in India is not suitably equipped to handle such issues. A dedicated mechanism is required for this purpose. 3. In order to prevent the development of big private monopolies in retail trade, it is also important for the Government to ensure its presence in the market. Several 31 Government marketing agencies exist, both at the Central as well as State levels. With a few exceptions, these agencies have been experiencing decay, owing to various factors. These marketing agencies should be revived and encouraged to grow and compete with private large format retailers. 4. Consolidation of several Government marketing agencies in order to create a few big public sector retail chains should be seriously considered, which can also invest in developing modern supply chain infrastructure. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) should be involved in the administration of cold storages and procurement centres. . Encouragement should be provided to the existing retail chains in the cooperative sector. New retail cooperatives should also be promoted. Partnerships between existing Government marketing agencies and cooperatives can also be considered, especially in food retail where synergies exist. 6. The State Governments or urban local bodies should levy a cess on the VAT on all goods sold by large format retail outlets (including those in the public sector) in order to create a level playing field between the organized and unorganized retailers. Revenues generated from the cess can be used to create a dedicated fund to provide infrastructure support, financial assistance or cheap credit for unorganized retailers to improve and upgrade their operations. 7. Tax incentives should not be provided, either by the Central or State Governments, for the setting up of procurement/distribution centres or â€Å"rural business hubs† by private players. Neither should tax breaks be provided to private players for contract farming. Safeguarding Farmers’ Interests 1. Handing over farmland to food retailers for contract farming should not be permitted. Rules for contract farming should ensure that there is no possibility of farmers being alienated from their land, even if there is a failure in meeting contract commitments. 2. Contract farming should be regulated and monitored by the Government to protect the interests of farmers. Farmers should be encouraged to form groups or 32 cooperatives in order to enter into contracts collectively with corporate rather than entering into individual contracts. 3. The processes of credit provision linked to input supplies and subsequent purchase of the crop, all by one private player, need to be regulated carefully by State authorities and PRIs. Supply of inputs like seeds need to be monitored by the Government. It is also important to ensure that monoculture is avoided. 4. It should be ensured that the farmers are not denied the opportunity of selling their produce over and above the quantity specified in the contract to other agencies at a price higher than what is specified in the contract. Farmers also need to be protected from arbitrary refusal by the contracting parties to buy their produce on grounds of ‘poor quality’. The Government should reserve the right to intervene in such contracts in situations when they are found to be operating to the detriment of farmers’ interests. . Large procurement centres created by corporate retailers should compulsorily have separate space for Government agencies. The scope of activities of the Government agencies would depend on the scale of operations. They may range from a single information centre for Government services to various Government agencies supplyin g inputs, providing extension services, disbursing credit and undertaking procurement. Several State Governments have amended their APMC Acts in accordance with the Model APMC Act framed by the Central Government. That model Act itself needs to be changed incorporating the suggestions made above. State Governments should also be persuaded to do the same. 6. It has to be ensured that a single corporate retailer does not monopolize procurement operations in a district or area. It is therefore absolutely critical that both public procurement agencies and cooperatives are given support, incentives and freedom to compete with the corporate retailers. This would require special initiatives from the State Governments to reinvigorate the Government agencies. The Central Government should also provide adequate funds required for the purpose. 33 7. Private procurement of food grains by large players who can manipulate the market should be discouraged. The experience of the last two years shows how the free hand given to corporate players has led to shortfalls in public procurement necessitating wheat imports. There is an urgent need to strengthen and expand the public procurement machinery into more areas and provide it with the required flexibility to ensure adequate procurement at remunerative prices. Private procurement of food grains, wherever it takes place, should be closely monitored by the PRIs and the Government. 8. Food retailers or other agribusiness companies should not be allowed to corner and hoard food grains stocks under any circumstances. To prevent cornering of stocks by private players with the associated potential for speculation, there should be rules for public disclosure of stock holding levels. Public agencies should be empowered to purchase food grains from the private holders at prespecified prices if their stocks exceed a specified level. 4 CONCLUSION After looking at the above data we have come to a conclusion that presently there is a tend of considerable increase of shopping malls in all the metro cities , small towns and a large section of middle class , upper middle class people are coming for shopping because of the following reasons: 1. Customers convenience for shopping. Items from food to clothing, grocery to electronics are available under one ro of. 2. Better environment and improved customer service. 3. compitive price with seasonal discount various gift scheme. 4. Various options to the customer for choosing brand and variety. 5. Ample scope of promoting sales and enhance brand image. 6. Availability of parking space for their car 7. Scope of employment at local area for various segment. Considering mash rooming of shopping mall, small business man, shop owners and farmers are facing acute financial problem as their business transactions are reducing sharply. Loosing employment by the employee of small shop owners, many of them who were dependent on the small shop for their living are facing the heat. 5 On one hand where the shopping malls are slowly capturing the market due their superior power and size for which they are able to attract more and more customers towards them, on the other hand due to growing trend of shopping mall , especially the farmers and the small shop owners of groceries and other house hold goods are affected as considerable number of customers are shopping these items from shopping malls instead of normal market, and t he profit margin is slopping towards the shopping mall To encounter the situation it is required to impose rule or preferably ban by the concerned authority to restrain sales of some particular items (fruit, vegetables and some other glossary product) from shopping mall. This will give the small shop owner and the farmers some protection against the giant shopping malls, so that they can get back to their normal state. 36 Bibliography www. google. com http://www. ammas. com/topics/Market_Research/a144646. html http://www. bigmallrat. com/types-of-malls. tml http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Shopping_mall http://www. amazon. com/gp/richpub/syltguides/fullview/R25NB8OBISEFAF http://www. ehow. com/about_4570916_history-shopping-mall. html http://www. answers. com/topic/shopping-mall retail. about. com/od/location/a/retail_location. htm www. trulia. com/ /Shopping /What_types_of_shopping_are_available_in_or_around_ -4353 valuationresources. com/ /SIC6512ShoppingCenters. htm www. wilsonweb. com/search/cat. php? querytype ca_Mall 37

Planet Warming Essay Example For Students

Planet Warming Essay AN INTRODUCTIONAccording to the National Academy of Sciences, the Earths surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed although uncertainties exist about exactly how earths climate responds to them. Go to the Emissions section for much more on greenhouse gases. Our Changing AtmosphereEnergy from the sun drives the earths weather and climate, and heats the earths surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. Without this natural greenhouse effect, temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earths average temperature is a more hospitable 60F. However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of the earths atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols, a common air pollutant, cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in the atmosphere and vary regionally. Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists generally believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO2 released by human activities; but these releases have generally been in balance during the centuries leading up to the industrial revolution with carbon dioxide absorbed by terrestrial vegetation and the oceans. What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories are responsible for about 98% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. In 1997, the United States emitted about one-fifth of total global greenhouse gases. Estimating future emissions is difficult, because it depends on demographic, economic, technological, policy, and institutional developments. Several emissions scenarios have been developed based on differing projections of these underlying factors. For example, by 2100, in the absence of emissions control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are projected to be 30-150% higher than todays levels. Changing ClimateGlobal mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0F since the late 19th century. The 20th centurys 10 warmest years all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Of these, 1998 was the warmest year on record. The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased. Globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent. The frequency of extreme rainfall events has increased throughout much of the United States. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate the rate of climate change. Scientists expect that the average global surface temperature could rise 1-4.5F (0.6-2.5C) in the next fifty years, and 2.2-10F (1.4-5.8C) in the next century, with significant regional variation. Evaporation will increase as the climate warms, which will increase average global precipitation. Soil moisture is likely to decline in many regions, and intense rainstorms are likely to become more frequent. Sea level is likely to rise two feet along most of the U.S. coast. .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .postImageUrl , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:hover , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:visited , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:active { border:0!important; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:active , .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue248f690f43c692fe287ef5acf6350ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interviewing My Roommate EssayCalculations of climate change for specific areas are much less reliable than global ones, and it is unclear whether regional climate will become more variable. TrendsData on a wide variety of environmental indicators are consistent with the